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Vigla (tagma)
The ''Vigla'' ((ギリシア語:Βίγλα), "guard watch", from (ラテン語:vigilia)), also known as the ''Arithmos'' ((ギリシア語:Ἀριθμός), "Number") and in English as the Watch, was one of the elite ''tagmata'' of the Byzantine army. It was established in the latter half of the 8th century, and survived until the late 11th century. Along with the ''Noumeroi'' regiment, the ''Vigla'' formed the guard of the imperial palace in Constantinople, and was responsible for the Byzantine emperor's safety on expeditions.
==History and functions==
The ''Vigla'' or ''Arithmos'' was the third of the imperial ''tagmata'' to be established, with its commander attested for the first time in 791.〔.〕〔.〕 Both names derive from the Latin terminology of the Late Roman army: the term ''vigilia'' was applied from the 4th century onto any kind of guard detachment,〔.〕 while ''arithmos'' is the Greek translation of the Latin ''numerus'', both titles being used in a generic sense for "regiment".〔.〕 In literary sources, ''Vigla'' is more commonly used than ''Arithmos'', and is also the title used in the seals of its commanders.〔
Its exact date of creation is contested among modern historians of the Byzantine army: Byzantinist John Haldon considers that the ''Vigla'' was established as a ''tagma'' by the Empress Irene in the 780s out of a provincial brigade,〔.〕 but Warren Treadgold supports its creation along with the first two ''tagmata'', the ''Scholai'' ("Schools") and ''Exkoubitoi'' ("Excubitors"), by Emperor Constantine V (r. 741–775) in the mid-8th century.〔.〕 If the former hypothesis is true, then the establishment of the ''Vigla'' by Irene may have been intended to counterbalance the two older ''tagmata'', which remained loyal to iconoclasm and resented Irene's iconophile policies.〔.〕 The provincial parent unit, in turn, appears to have been of considerable ancestry: the presence of archaic Late Roman titles for its officers points to an origin, possibly as a cavalry vexillation, in the old East Roman army before the Muslim conquests of the 7th century.〔.〕 John B. Bury has traced a hypothetical lineage to the early 5th-century ''vexillationes palatinae'' of the ''Comites Arcadiaci'', the ''Comites Honoriaci'' and the ''Equites Theodosiaci''.〔 Along with many of the other ''tagmata'', the ''Vigla'' disappeared in the decades of crisis in the late 11th century: it is last mentioned in 1094.〔.〕
As the name indicates, the ''Vigla'' was tasked with guard duties, both in the imperial palace and on campaign. Unlike the other cavalry ''tagmata'', which were mostly garrisoned outside Constantinople in Thrace and Bithynia, the ''Vigla'' had a significant presence in the capital. There, its task was guarding the imperial palace, along with the less prestigious infantry ''tagmata'' of the ''Noumeroi'' (responsible also for the palace prisons) and the ''Teicheiōtai'' (guarding the city walls).〔; .〕 More specifically, within Constantinople, the ''Vigla'' guarded the most exposed western, city-ward perimeter of the palace precinct, and kept a permanent garrison at the Covered Hippodrome, which was left in place even when the rest of the unit was on campaign, and secured the safety of the emperor while he was outside the Palace.〔.〕 As the regimental commander, the ''droungarios tēs viglas'' (Greek: ) was always in attendance to the emperor, the ''Vigla'' could go on campaign without him, in which case it came under the orders of the Domestic of the Schools.〔 On expeditions led by the emperor himself, the ''droungarios'' was responsible for the safety of the camp and especially the night watch, relaying the emperor's orders, the advance, rear and flank guards during marches, and guarding prisoners of war.〔〔.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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